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Sometimes a woman may be uncertain of the date of her last menstrual period, or there may be reason to suspect ovulation occurred significantly earlier or later than the fourteenth day of her cycle.Ultrasound scans offer an alternative method of estimating gestational age.Also used is Doppler sonography which detects the heartbeat of the fetus.Doppler sonography can be used to evaluate the pulsations in the fetal heart and bloods vessels for signs of abnormalities.

In most countries, routine pregnancy sonographic scans are performed to detect developmental defects before birth.

Randomized controlled trials have followed children up to ages 8–9, with no significant differences in vision, hearing, school performance, dyslexia, or speech and neurologic development by exposure to ultrasound.

Several randomized controlled trials have reported no association between Doppler exposure and birth weight, Apgar scores, and perinatal mortality.

This includes checking the status of the limbs and vital organs, as well as (sometimes) specific tests for abnormalities.

Some abnormalities detected by ultrasound can be addressed by medical treatment in utero or by perinatal care, though indications of other abnormalities can lead to a decision regarding abortion.